Study on liquefaction of soil

Liquefaction is the phenomena when there is loss of strength in saturated and cohesion-less soils because of increased pore water pressures and hence reduced effective stresses due to dynamic loading. It is a phenomenon in which the strength and stiffness of a soil is reduced by earthquake shaking or other rapid loading. In this paper the field datas of two major earthquakes, namely Chi-Chi, Taiwan earthquake (magnitude Mw =7.6) and Kocaeli, Turkey earthquake (magnitude Mw = 7.4) in 1999,a study of the SPT and CPT case datas has been undertaken. In this paper, some methods have been studied namely, Semi-empirical method of evaluating soil liquefaction potential, Practical reliability based method for assessing soil liquefaction, Robertson method, Olsen method and Juang method. A comparative study has been done using all the above mentioned methods and the error percentages have been calculated for each of them with respect to the actual on field test results to conclude which of the models is better for both SPT and CPT case datas

Energy-efficient architectures for chip-scale networks and memory systems using silicon-photonics technology

Today's supercomputers and cloud systems run many data-centric applications such as machine learning, graph algorithms, and cognitive processing, which have large data footprints and complex data access patterns. With computational capacity of large-scale systems projected to rise up to 50GFLOPS/W, the target energy-per-bit budget for data movement is expected to reach as low as 0.1pJ/bit, assuming 200bits/FLOP for data transfers. This tight energy budget impacts the design of both chip-scale networks and main memory systems. Conventional electrical links used in chip-scale networks (0.5-3pJ/bit) and DRAM systems used in main memory (>30pJ/bit) fail to provide sustained performance at low energy budgets. This thesis builds on the promising research on silicon-photonic technology to design system architectures and system management policies for chip-scale networks and main memory systems. The adoption of silicon-photonic links as chip-scale networks, however, is hampered by the high sensitivity of optical devices towards thermal and process variations. These device sensitivities result in high power overheads at high-speed communications. Moreover, applications differ in their resource utilization, resulting in application-specific thermal profiles and bandwidth needs. Similarly, optically-controlled memory systems designed using conventional electrical-based architectures require additional circuitry for electrical-to-optical and optical-to-electrical conversions within memory. These conversions increase the energy and latency per memory access. Due to these issues, chip-scale networks and memory systems designed using silicon-photonics technology leave much of their benefits underutilized. This thesis argues for the need to rearchitect memory systems and redesign network management policies such that they are aware of the application variability and the underlying device characteristics of silicon-photonic technology. We claim that such a cross-layer design enables a high-throughput and energy-efficient unified silicon-photonic link and main memory system. This thesis undertakes the cross-layer design with silicon-photonic technology in two fronts. First, we study the varying network bandwidth requirements across different applications and also within a given application. To address this variability, we develop bandwidth allocation policies that account for application needs and device sensitivities to ensure power-efficient operation of silicon-photonic links. Second, we design a novel architecture of an optically-controlled main memory system that is directly interfaced with silicon-photonic links using a novel read and write access protocol. Such a system ensures low-energy and high-throughput access from the processor to a high-density memory. To further address the diversity in application memory characteristics, we explore heterogeneous memory systems with multiple memory modules that provide varied power-performance benefits. We design a memory management policy for such systems that allocates pages at the granularity of memory objects within an application

Synthesis and Characterization of Ceramic Nanofluids

With the advent of the century of “nano”, it is evident that we are heading towards miniaturization of technological equipment and electronic circuits. This has ultimately resulted in problem in heat dispersion from the system. This situation demands for better cooling facilities and using of nano-fluids as coolant is undoubtedly the optimum solution. This project dealt with the usage of Silica nano-fluids as coolant and its various parameters. In pursuit of studying various aspects of using the silica nano-fluid as a coolant, in the present study a comprehensive experimental data set was obtained for thermal conductivity of nanofluids with variation in Silica nano-particle volume fraction and base liquid (Water and Ethyl Glycol). SEM and Zeta-sizer study was done to confirm the uniformity in nano-particle size distribution. SEM study was also done to determine the grain size. The effect of pH change on the thermal conductivity of the nano-fluids was also taken into consideration. Amidst all these addition, the most important factor is the stabilization of the nano-fluids as they are prone to agglomeration due to its high surface energy. Thus, stabilization of the nano-fluids was manipulated by the addition of surfactant (Oleic Acid). Their related thermal conductivity was also studied. This project also considered the stabilization process by visual observation over a period of 24 hours

Speed Control of DC Motor using Pid Controller Based on Matlab

This paper is to design PID controller to supervise and control the speed response of the DC motor and MATLAB program is used for calculation and simulation PID controllers are widely used in a industrial plants because of their simplicity and robustness. Industrial processes are subjected to variation in parameters and parameter perturbations. We are choosing PID parameters and discussed Key words: DC motor, PID controller, MATLAB representatio

How to manage blocked intramedullary canal while reaming during hip arthroplasty

Blockage of femoral canal while doing hemiarthroplasty is rare finding. Before inserting the femoral stem trial we should manage this blockage adequately to prevent iatrogenic fracture. Herein, we present a case of fracture neck of femur right in a 79-year-old male who presented with history of right hip pain and later was diagnosed with neck of femur fracture subcapital type that was treated with cementless hemiarthroplasty. In conclusion, if the canal is blocked, start with small diameter (K-wire), then insert guide wire and then reaming over it to open the blocked canal, do not hammer directly to prevent iatrogenic fracture. Go sequentially to open the blockage. First open the marrow then insert trial stem

Synthesis and Characterization of Glass Particulate – Epoxy Composite for Structural Application

The objective of this present project work is to prepare and study of the mechanical properties of glass particulate- epoxy composites. A vast amount of research was carried out involving different morphologies of the glass particulates, for e.g. spherical, flakes, rounded etc., for synthesizing epoxy-glass composites. But in this thesis, crushed laboratory waste glasses with acicular morphology were used as a reinforcement to prepare polymer matrix composite material. Five different compositions of the glass particulate, viz., 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 vol% have been used in the present work. Detailed characterizations like density measurement, X-ray analysis was done for these composite materials, subsequently these polymer matrix composites with different content of glass particulate were subjected to various types of mechanical testing. It was found that tensile properties were increasing from 0 to 5 vol% of reinforcement content, after that a decreasing trend was observed. But other properties like flexural, impact, compression properties were decreasing as compared to the epoxy resin. This work also described about the comparison of the mechanical properties of composites before and after post curing, carried out at 100oC for 15 minutes

Solid–liquid coexistence of neon, argon, krypton, and xenon studied by simulations

The noble elements constitute the simplest group of atoms. At low temperatures or high pressures they freeze into the face-centered cubic (fcc) crystal structure (except helium). We perform molecular dynamics using the recently proposed simplified ab initio atomic (SAAP) potential [Deiters and Sadus, J. Chem. Phys. 150, 134504 (2019)] . This potential is parameterized using data from accurate ab initio quantum mechanical calculations by the coupled-cluster approach on the CCSD(T) level. We compute the fcc freezing lines for Argon and find a great agreement with the experimental values. At low pressures, this agreement is further enhanced by using many-body corrections. Hidden scale invariance of the potential energy function is validated by computing lines of constant excess entropy (configurational adiabats) and shows that mean square displacement and the static structure factor are invariant. These lines (isomorphs) can be generated from simulations at a single state-point by having knowledge of the pair potential. The isomorph theory for the solid-liquid transition is used to accurately predict the shape of the freezing line in the pressure-temperature plane, the shape in the density-temperature plane, the entropy of melting and the Lindemann parameters along the melting line. We finally predict that the body-centered cubic (bcc) crystal is stable at high pressures

Subtractive genomics approach for in silico identification and characterization of novel drug targets in Neisseria meningitides serogroup B

Meningococcal disease is a life-threatening illness with annual incidence rates varying from 1 to 1000 per 100 000 persons in different parts of the world. Effective polysaccharide and polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines that offer protection against infection with meningococcal serogroups A, C, Y and W-135 have been licensed and are available worldwide. Serogroup B remains the most prevalent cause of meningococcal disease responsible for 32% of all meningococcal disease in the United States, 45 to 80% of the cases in Europe, and for the majority of cases in the rest of the world. The development of a vaccine against serogroup B poses the biggest problem due to the similarity between the B capsular polysaccharide structure and a polysialic acid containing glycopeptides that are a part of human brain tissue. Prevention of meningococcal disease will require the development of an effective vaccine to combat serogroup B, which is the cause of most meningococcal cases in developed countries. The availability of the complete sequence information of Neisseria meningitides serogroup B proteome has made it possible to carry out the in silico analysis of its genome for identification of potential vaccine and drug targets. Our study revealed 1413 proteins which are non-homologous to human genome. Screening these proteins using the Database of Essential Genes (DEG) resulted in the identification of 362 proteins as essential proteins of the bacterium. Analysis of the identified essential proteins, using the KEGG Automated Annotation Server (KAAS) housed at Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways database, revealed 35 enzymes of N. Meningitides that may be used as potential drug targets, as they belongs to pathways present only in the bacterium and not present in humans. Subcelluler localization prediction of these essential proteins revealed that 9 proteins lie on the outer membrane of the pathogen which could be potential vaccine targets. Screening of the functional inhibitors against these novel targets may result in discovery of novel therapeutic compounds that can be effective against Neisseria meningitides Serogroup B